ubuntu 包管理工具 apt 使用与进阶
1. 引言
ubuntu 作为目前最受欢迎的 linux 发行版，加上 windows 10 推出的 WSL 对 ubuntu 的支持，让 ubuntu 更加流行。
而作为一个操作系统，最重要的是应用生态的构建，而 ubuntu 有今天的市场占用，与他的包管理机制 — apt 是密不可分的。
apt 工具是基于 ubuntu 底层的包管理命令 dpkg 构建的一套强大便捷的包管理工具，除了我们日常使用的下载、更新以外，还有着非常多、非常强大的功能，本文我们就来深入了解一下吧。
2. apt 相关命令
- update — 更新包列表
- upgrade — 升级系统中已安装的包版本
- install — 安装软件包
- remove — 卸载软件包
- autoremove — 仅删除不需要再次下载的软件包
- purge — 彻底删除软件包（包括配置文件）
- source — 下载源代码
- build-dep — 自动下载安装编译某个软件所需要的软件包
- dist-upgrade — 升级整个发行版
- dselect-upgrade — 安装dselect的选择进行升级
- clean — 删除本地缓存的所有升级包
- autoclean — 删除本地缓存中无用的软件包
- check — 检查是否存在有问题的依赖关系
3. 命令参数
apt 命令参数
| 参数 | 备注 |
|---|---|
| -d,—download-only | 仅下载，不安装 |
| -f,—fix-broken | 修复依赖问题（用于install和remove子命令） |
| -m,—ignore-missing,—fix-missing | 忽略缺失的软件包。遇到无法下载的软件包，自动忽略 |
| —no-download | 禁止下载软件包。与-m配合，可以使apt只使用已经下载的软件包 |
| -q,—quiet | 静默模式，输出的信息适合做日志 |
| -s,—simulate,—just-print | 模拟测试，不做出实际操作，不改变系统 |
| -y,—yes,—assume-yes | 在系统提问时，自动应答yes |
| -u,—show-upgraded | 显示已升级的软件包 |
| -V,—verbose-versions | 显示已安装和已升级的软件包的完整版本号 |
| -b,—compile,—build | 在源码包下载完成后进行编译 |
| —ignore-hold | 忽略被保留的软件包 |
| —no-upgrade | 不要升级软件包 |
| —force-yes | 强制回答yes |
| —print-uris | 仅答应软件包地址，不安装 |
| —purge | 彻底删除，包括配置文件 |
| —reinstall | 重新安装软件包 |
4. 进阶 — apt-cache
有时，我们想看看即将要安装的软件包版本以及其他信息，并不想立即安装，那么，apt-chache 就可以派上用场了。
4.1. 查看简介 — apt-cache search
通过 apt-cache search 命令，我们可以查看某个包或近似的包的基本描述。
例如执行：
$ apt-cache search mongodb-clients
mongodb-clients – object/document-oriented database (client apps)
而执行 apt-cache search mongo 则显示：
apt-cache search mongo
libreoffice-l10n-mn – office productivity suite — Mongolian language package
python-bson – Python implementation of BSON for MongoDB
python-bson-ext – C-coded extension to the python-bson package
python-gridfs – Python implementation of GridFS for MongoDB
python-pymongo – Python interface to the MongoDB document-oriented database
python-pymongo-doc – Python interface to the MongoDB document-oriented database (documentation)
python-pymongo-ext – C-coded extension to the python-pymongo package
python3-bson – Python3 implementation of BSON for MongoDB
python3-bson-ext – C-coded extension to the python3-bson package
python3-gridfs – Python3 implementation of GridFS for MongoDB
python3-pymongo – Python3 interface to the MongoDB document-oriented database
python3-pymongo-ext – C-coded extension to the python3-pymongo package
ttf-unifont – TrueType version of GNU Unifont
unifont – font with a glyph for each visible Unicode Plane 0 character
xfonts-unifont – PCF (bitmap) version of GNU Unifont
collectd-core – statistics collection and monitoring daemon (core system)
fonts-noto-unhinted – “No Tofu” font families with large Unicode coverage (unhinted)
golang-github-rs-xid-dev – globally unique id generator thought for the web
golang-gopkg-mgo.v2-dev – Go library for MongoDB
jmeter-mongodb – Load testing and performance measurement application (mongodb module)
kamailio-mongodb-modules – mongodb modules for the Kamailio SIP server
libbson-1.0-0 – Library to parse and generate BSON documents – runtime files
libbson-dev – Library to parse and generate BSON documents – dev files
libbson-doc – Library to parse and generate BSON documents – documentation
libbson-perl – BSON serialization and deserialization for Perl
当你不确定包的实际名称时，不妨用 apt-cache search 命令搜索一下。
4.2. 查看详细信息 — apt-cache show
除了看一句话的简介，很多时候，我们也希望知道软件包各方面的详细信息，此时就要使用 apt-cache show 命令了。
$ apt-cache show mongodb-clients
Package: mongodb-clients
Architecture: amd64
Version: 1:3.6.3-0ubuntu1.1
Priority: optional
Section: universe/database
Source: mongodb
Origin: Ubuntu
Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com>
Original-Maintainer: Debian MongoDB Maintainers <pkg-mongodb-maintainers@lists.alioth.debian.org>
Bugs: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebug
Installed-Size: 70218
Depends: libboost-filesystem1.65.1, libboost-iostreams1.65.1, libboost-program-options1.65.1, libboost-system1.65.1, libc6 (>= 2.15), libgcc1 (>= 1:3.4), libgoogle-perftools4, libpcrecpp0v5 (>= 7.7), libsnappy1v5, libssl1.1 (>= 1.1.0), libstdc++6 (>= 6), libstemmer0d (>= 0+svn527), libyaml-cpp0.5v5, zlib1g (>= 1:1.2.0)
Recommends: mongo-tools
Replaces: mongodb (<= 1:1.4.2-2)
Filename: pool/universe/m/mongodb/mongodb-clients_3.6.3-0ubuntu1.1_amd64.deb
Size: 20199136
MD5sum: 3afa3bba7295acf2802da34f028303d4
SHA1: 63a3a666c02a773cdd08b63d9c0edf4084e2d712
SHA256: c0b313b9a8c401e47daa4d150904e24b3207f2f69508c9048942dfd58e2ce910
Homepage: https://www.mongodb.org
Description-en: object/document-oriented database (client apps)
MongoDB is a high-performance, open source, schema-free
document-oriented data store that’s easy to deploy, manage
and use. It’s network accessible, written in C++ and offers
the following features:
.
Collection oriented storage – easy storage of object-style data Full index support, including on inner objects
Query profiling Replication and fail-over support
Efficient storage of binary data including large objects (e.g. videos) Auto-sharding for cloud-level scalability
.
High performance, scalability, and reasonable depth of
functionality are the goals for the project.
.
This package contains the standard administrative shell (mongo) and other
utilities for administration or analysis of performance of the server.
Description-md5: 4a9a420d4a119483f9c8b9e74d827f5cPackage: mongodb-clients
Architecture: amd64
Version: 1:3.6.3-0ubuntu1
Priority: optional
Section: universe/database
Source: mongodb
Origin: Ubuntu
Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com>
Original-Maintainer: Debian MongoDB Maintainers <pkg-mongodb-maintainers@lists.alioth.debian.org>
Bugs: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebug
Installed-Size: 70214
Depends: libboost-filesystem1.65.1, libboost-iostreams1.65.1, libboost-program-options1.65.1, libboost-system1.65.1, libc6 (>= 2.15), libgcc1 (>= 1:3.4), libgoogle-perftools4, libpcrecpp0v5 (>= 7.7), libsnappy1v5, libssl1.1 (>= 1.1.0), libstdc++6 (>= 6), libstemmer0d (>= 0+svn527), libyaml-cpp0.5v5, zlib1g (>= 1:1.2.0)
Recommends: mongo-tools
Replaces: mongodb (<= 1:1.4.2-2)
Filename: pool/universe/m/mongodb/mongodb-clients_3.6.3-0ubuntu1_amd64.deb
Size: 20194524
MD5sum: cfc0edbc8959e3147f3c218a2d2055b2
SHA1: e593577e9048e2abb22dbce402545500ad8a7181
SHA256: ce5691c6eb5e47e259d8ee63d7d80ab993dda9b859c65b86ae5362cf9fa2e228
Homepage: https://www.mongodb.org
Description-en: object/document-oriented database (client apps)
MongoDB is a high-performance, open source, schema-free
document-oriented data store that’s easy to deploy, manage
and use. It’s network accessible, written in C++ and offers
the following features:
.
Collection oriented storage – easy storage of object-style data Full index support, including on inner objects
Query profiling Replication and fail-over support
Efficient storage of binary data including large objects (e.g. videos) Auto-sharding for cloud-level scalability
.
High performance, scalability, and reasonable depth of
functionality are the goals for the project.
.
This package contains the standard administrative shell (mongo) and other
utilities for administration or analysis of performance of the server.
Description-md5: 4a9a420d4a119483f9c8b9e74d827f5c
5. apt 的相关文件和默认路径
apt 的相关文件和默认路径
| 路径 | 备注 |
|---|---|
| /etc/apt/sources.list | 设置软件包的获取来源 |
| /etc/apt/apt.conf | apt配置文件 |
| /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/ | apt的零碎配置文件 |
| /etc/apt/preferences | 版本参数 |
| /var/cache/apt/archives/ | 存放已经下载的软件包 |
| /var/cache/apt/archives/partial | 存放正在下载的软件包 |
| /var/lib/apt/lists/ | 存放已经下载的软件包详细信息 |
| /var/lib/apt/lists/partial/ | 存放正在下载的软件包详细信息 |
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